Ruling on fajr & qada

The time for Fajr prayer begins at true dawn (Subh al-Sadiq) and continues until sunrise. Therefore, if the sky has gradually begun to become brighter, but the sun has not yet risen, it is completely valid to pray Fajr. 

According to Hanafi fiqh, it is also recommended to delay Fajr until some light has spread, provided that it is not delayed so much that there is a fear of sunrise.

Therefore, the mere fact that the sky has become brighter does not invalidate the Fajr prayer. What matters is sunrise. If the sun rises while one is performing Fajr, then according to Hanafi fiqh, that prayer becomes invalid, and it should be repeated as a qada prayer approximately 15–20 minutes after sunrise.

Times for Performing Missed (Qada) Prayers :

1. After Fajr and before sunrise, it is permissible to perform missed prayers.

2. Approximately 15–20 minutes after sunrise until before midday (zawal), missed prayers may be performed.

3. After Zuhr, missed prayers may be performed, except at the exact time of zawal.

4. After Asr, it is also permissible to perform missed prayers, except during the time when the sun becomes extremely yellow and weak shortly before sunset.

5. After Maghrib, missed prayers may be performed.

6. After Isha, missed prayers may also be performed until the beginning of Fajr.

However, there are three times during which even missed prayers should not be performed:

At the exact time of sunrise

At the exact time of zawal (when the sun is at its zenith)

At the exact time of sunset

Therefore, if you performed several missed prayers after performing ghusl following menstruation, after Asr but well before sunset, those prayers are valid and there is no need to repeat them.

Likewise, if you performed a missed Isha prayer after Fajr, while the sky had begun to become somewhat bright but before sunrise, that prayer is also valid. A missed prayer does not become invalid merely because the sky has started becoming brighter.

Therefore, do not repeat previous prayers merely because of doubt or waswas. Unless you know with certainty that a prayer was performed during a time in which prayer is prohibited, the previous prayer should be considered valid.

However, if one needs to perform a missed prayer during these times, it should be performed at home or in another private place rather than in a masjid or public place; because voluntary prayers are not permissible during these times, people who see the person may assume that a missed prayer is being performed, whereas deliberately allowing a prayer to become missed is a sin, and openly displaying a sin is also not considered desirable in Islamic law.

And Allah Almighty knows best.